Використання мезенхімальних стромальних клітин в терапії захворювань опорно-рухового апарату: огляд літератури
Швидкий розвиток методів отримання мультипотентних клітин-попередників, відомих як мезенхімальні стромальні/стовбурові клітини, з різноманітних тканин та органів людини сприяв прогресу у сфері клітинної терапії та регенеративної медицини. Метою цього дослідження став огляд сучасних наукових даних щодо використання мезенхімальних стромальних клітин у лікуванні травматичних і ортопедичних захворювань, а також ознайомлення клініцистів із викликами та перспективами їх клінічного застосування. У ході дослідження було проаналізовано джерела отримання мезенхімальних стромальних клітин, їхні характеристики та терапевтичний вплив при захворюваннях опорно-рухового апарату. Було встановлено, що ці клітини можуть використовуватися як в аутологічній, так і в алогенній формах завдяки їх здатності до диференціювання в остеобласти, хондроцити, теноцити, адипоцити та інші типи клітин, що сприяє регенерації ушкоджених тканин. Було підтверджено, що мезенхімальні стромальні клітини володіють паракринною активністю, продукуючи цитокіни та фактори росту, що забезпечує їх регенеративний і регуляторний вплив як in vitro, так і in vivo. Водночас було зазначено, що, попри значний терапевтичний потенціал, їх клінічне застосування пов’язане з низкою викликів, зокрема, питаннями імуносумісності, стабільності, гетерогенності, а також обмеженою здатністю до диференціювання та міграції. Було розглянуто перспективи подолання цих обмежень за допомогою безклітинних підходів, зокрема застосування екзосом, що виділяються мезенхімальними стромальними клітинами, та містять біологічно активні молекули мРНК, мікроРНК, білки та біоактивні ліпіди. Було відзначено, що ці компоненти сприяють клітинній проліферації, міграції, регенерації, імуномодуляції та ангіогенезу, що є перспективним напрямом у регенеративній медицині. Отримані результати можуть бути використані для подальшої розробки ефективних терапевтичних стратегій у регенеративній медицині, зокрема в ортопедії та травматології. Практичне значення дослідження полягає в удосконаленні підходів до клітинної терапії, спрямованих на відновлення уражених тканин, що може слугувати основою для майбутніх клінічних випробувань і подальшого впровадження в медичну практику
стовбурові клітини; екзосоми; регенерація тканин; травматологія; ортопедія
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