Use of mesenchymal stromal cells in the therapy of musculoskeletal disorders: A literature review
The rapid advancement of methods for obtaining multipotent progenitor cells, known as mesenchymal stromal/stem cells, from various human tissues and organs has driven progress in cellular therapy and regenerative medicine. This study aimed to review current scientific data on the use of mesenchymal stromal cells in the treatment of traumatic and orthopaedic disorders, providing clinicians with insights into the challenges and prospects of their clinical application. The sources of mesenchymal stromal cells, their characteristics, and their therapeutic effects on musculoskeletal disorders were analysed. These cells have been found to be applicable in both autologous and allogeneic forms due to their ability to differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, tenocytes, adipocytes, and other cell types, thereby promoting the regeneration of damaged tissues. Furthermore, mesenchymal stromal cells have been confirmed to exhibit paracrine activity by producing cytokines and growth factors, which contribute to their regenerative and regulatory effects both in vitro and in vivo. At the same time, it has been noted that despite their significant therapeutic potential, the clinical application of mesenchymal stromal cells is associated with several challenges, including immunocompatibility, stability, heterogeneity, and limited differentiation and migration capacities. The prospects for overcoming these limitations through cell‑free approaches have been considered, particularly the use of exosomes secreted by mesenchymal stromal cells, which contain biologically active molecules such as mRNA, microRNA, proteins, and bioactive lipids. These components have been shown to promote cell proliferation, migration, regeneration, immunomodulation, and angiogenesis, making them a promising avenue in regenerative medicine. The findings of this study may contribute to the further development of effective therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine, particularly in orthopaedics and traumatology. The practical significance of this research lies in the refinement of cellular therapy approaches aimed at restoring damaged tissues, which may serve as a foundation for future clinical trials and subsequent implementation in medical practice
stem cells; exosomes; tissue regeneration; traumatology; orthopaedics
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