The 1-minute sit-to-stand test: a simple tool for remote functional assessment in the era of telemedicine

  • Received 10.02.2026

  • Revised 03.03.2026

  • Accepted 23.04.2026

  • Published 29.05.2026


  • 0 View

  • Retrieved from Volume 8, No. 2, 2026

  • Pages 6-13

Current challenges facing the healthcare system, particularly the COVID-19 pandemic and military conflicts, necessitate the expansion of remote healthcare delivery capabilities. Telemedicine creates new opportunities for monitoring patients’ conditions; however, it requires the implementation of simple, valid, and accessible tools for assessing functional status. Therefore, the aim of this study was to justify the feasibility of using the 1-minute sit-to stand test for remote assessment of functional ability, as well as to analyze its clinical utility and potential for use in outpatient telerehabilitation. The study was conducted as an analytical review of scientific sources, systematizing data selected from the PubMed and Web of Science databases over the past 10 years. Results indicate that assessing cardiorespiratory interaction during physical exertion and in the recovery period is more informative than analyzing resting parameters; at the same time, cardiopulmonary exercise testing remains the gold standard, but its application is limited by complexity, the need for specialized equipment and high resource costs. The 6-minute walk test partially overcomes these limitations, but is not always suitable for remote use. Against this backdrop, the 1MSTST stands out for its practical utility: it allows for the quantitative determination of exercise tolerance, the assessment of cardiorespiratory response during test and in recovery phase, and identification of signs of reduced physical performance in patients. Its ease of use and lack of need for specialized equipment make it suitable for use outside the clinic. Additional benefits are provided by the use of mobile digital devices (smartphones, pulse oximeters, ECG patches, etc.), which increase the accuracy of data recording, enable automated data collection and transmission to the physician, and improve real time communication between the patient and the healthcare professional. Thus, 1MSTST is a useful tool for remote assessment of functional capacity, combining accessibility with sufficient clinical information and integrating well into modern models of telemedicine and home telerehabilitation.

field test; physical activity; exercise tolerance; telerehabilitation; telemetry

https://doi.org/10.11603/bmbr.2706-6290.2026.2.14143
  1. World Health Organization. Scaling up telemedicine In the WHO European Region. Available from: https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/WHO-EURO-2025-12185-51957-79682.
  2. Charles R. Doarn. The evolution of telemedicine across time. In: Telemedicine – Models of Care. Rijeka: IntechOpen; 2025. p. 1-19. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/395372434_The_Evolution_of_Telemedicine_across_Time.
  3. Simpson AT, Doarn CR, Garber SJ. Interagency cooperation in the twilight of the great society: Telemedicine, NASA, and the Papago nation. The Journal of Policy History. 2020;32(1):25-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0898030619000265.
  4. World Health Organization, International Telecommunication Union. National eHealth strategy toolkit. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012. Available from: https://iris.who.int/items/9cc67c08-78e6-432a-996e-0fa06f47e6ce. [Accessed 27 June 2022].
  5. Narayan A, Petryk M, Savchuk S, Villarino K, Lopez I, Morgun E, Bakirova A, Kamets B, Le Tran Q, Komzyuk S, Kharbas V, Asch S, Pickering A. TeleHelp Ukraine: A distributed international telemedicine response to the ongoing war. J Glob Health. 2024;14:04158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.14.04158.
  6. Milewski K, Małecki A, Orszulik-Baron D, Kachel M, Hirnle P, Orczyk M, Dunal R, Mikołajowski G, Janas A, Nowak Z, Kozak K, Roskiewicz W, Nierwińska K, Izworski A, Rybicki A, Buszman PP, Piotrowicz R, Buszman PE. The use of modern telemedicine technologies in an innovative optimal cardiac rehabilitation program for patients after myocardial revascularization: Concept and design of RESTORE, a randomized clinical trial. Cardiol J. 2019;26(5):594-603. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5603/CJ.a2018.0157.
  7. World Health Organization. Health needs assessment of the adult population in Ukraine. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/WHO-EURO-2023-6904-46670-70096. [Accessed: 24 Oct 2025].
  8. Ross R, Blair SN, Arena R, Church TS, Després JP, Franklin BA, Haskell WL, Kaminsky LA, Levine BD, Lavie CJ, Myers J, Niebauer J, Sallis R, Sawada SS, Sui X, Wisløff U; American Heart Association Physical Activity Committee of the Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health; Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology; Stroke Council. Importance of Assessing Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Clinical Practice: A Case for Fitness as a Clinical Vital Sign: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;134(24):e653-99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000461.
  9. Korivi M, Ghanta MK, Nuthalapati P, Natesh NS, Tang J, Bhaskar L. Influence of Exercise on Oxygen Consumption, Pulmonary Ventilation, and Blood Gas Analyses in Individuals with Chronic Diseases. Life (Basel). 2025;15(8):1255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081255.
  10. Fresiello L, Meyns B, Di Molfetta A, Ferrari G. A Model of the Cardiorespiratory Response to Aerobic Exercise in Healthy and Heart Failure Conditions. Front Physiol. 2016;7:189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00189.
  11. Chaudhry S, Kumar N, Arena R, Verma S. The evolving role of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in ischemic heart disease - state of the art review Curr Opin Cardiol. 2023;38(6):552-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0000000000001086.
  12. Radtke T, Crook S, Kaltsakas G, Louvaris Z, Berton D, Urquhart DS, Kampouras A, Rabinovich RA, Verges S, Kontopidis D, Boyd J, Tonia T, Langer D, De Brandt J, Goërtz YMJ, Burtin C, Spruit MA, Braeken DCW, Dacha S, Franssen FME, Laveneziana P, Eber E, Troosters T, Neder JA, Puhan MA, Casaburi R, Vogiatzis I, Hebestreit H. ERS statement on standardisation of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in chronic lung diseases. Eur Respir Rev. 2019;28(154):180101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0101-2018.
  13. Glaab T, Taube C. Practical guide to cardiopulmonary exercise testing in adults. Respir Res. 2022;23(1):9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-021-01895-6.
  14. Neder JA, Phillips DB, Marillier M, Bernard AC, Berton DC, O'Donnell DE. Clinical Interpretation of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing: Current Pitfalls and Limitations. Front Physiol. 2021;12:552000. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.552000.
  15. Bakalets O., Fedoniuk L.Ya., Shapoval O. M., Behosh N. Сurrent pathogenetic and diagnostic aspects of dyspnea in long COVID. Bulletin of Problems Biology and Medicine. 2023;2(169):18-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29254/2077-4214-2023-2-169-18-27.
  16. ATS Committee on Proficiency Standards for Clinical Pulmonary Function Laboratories. ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(1):111-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.166.1.at1102.
  17. Malović I., Zeković M.M., Zeković J., Mazić S., Platiša M.M. Assessment of Cardio-Respiratory Relationship during and after Exercise in Healthy Recreative Male Subjects: A Pilot Study. Applied Sciences. 2024;14(12):5170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app14125170.
  18. Lachant D., Kennedy E., Derenze B., Light A., Lachant M., White R.J. Cardiac Effort to Compare Clinic and Remote 6-Minute Walk Testing in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Chest. 2022;162(6):1340-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2022.06.025.
  19. Pepera G, Antoniou V, Karagianni E, Batalik L, Su JJ. Validity and Reliability of the Six-Minute Walking Test Compared to Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test in Individuals with Heart Failure Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med. 2025;14(23):8303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14238303.
  20. Xie S, Ge X, Huang L, Zhu W, Yang Y, Zhou M, Qu J, Guo Y. A novel machine learning model of smartphone-based 1-minute sit-to-stand test for prediction of six-minute walk test distance in patients with COPD. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2026;81:100923. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinsp.2026.100923.
  21. Hollier S. The One-Minute Sit to Stand Test Protocol. Available from: https://www.pcrs-uk.org/sites/default/files/2022-December-PCRU-1-MSTST.pdf.
  22. Salvi D, Olsson CM, Molloy J, Orchard E. Clinical Usefulness of a Smartphone-Based 6-Minute Walk Test in a Hospital Outpatient Clinic Within the Constraints of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Form Res. 2025;9:e70495. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/70495.
  23. Nierwińska K, Myśliwiec A, Konarska-Rawluk A, Lipowicz A, Małecki A, Knapik A. SMART System in the Assessment of Exercise Tolerance in Adults. Sensors (Basel). 2023;23(24):9624. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249624.
  24. Yamamoto A, Nakamoto H, Yamaguchi T, Sakai H, Kaneko M, Ohnishi S, Nishiuma T, Sawada K, Iwata Y, Osawa S, Ono K, Ishikawa A. Validity of a novel respiratory rate monitor comprising stretchable strain sensors during a 6-min walking test in patients with chronic pulmonary obstructive disease. Respir Med. 2021;190:106675. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2021.106675.
  25. Kruse CS, Krowski N, Rodriguez B, Tran L, Vela J, Brooks M. Telehealth and patient satisfaction: a systematic review and narrative analysis. BMJ Open. 2017;7(8):e016242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016242.
  26. Islam MR, Haque MR, Choma E, Hayes S, McMahon S, Shen X, Sazonov E. Sit-to-Stand Transitions Detection and Duration Measurement Using Smart Lacelock Sensor. Available from: https://paper.dou.ac/p/2604.00175v1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2604.00175.
  27. Craig W, Ohlmann S. The Benefits of Using Active Remote Patient Management for Enhanced Heart Failure Outcomes in Rural Cardiology Practice: Single-Site Retrospective Cohort Study. J Med Internet Res. 2024;26:e49710. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/49710.
  28. Althobiani MA, Ranjan Y, Jacob J, Orini M, Dobson RJB, Porter JC, Hurst JR, Folarin AA. Evaluating a Remote Monitoring Program for Respiratory Diseases: Prospective Observational Study JMIR Form Res. 2023;7:e51507. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/51507.
  29. Souron R, Ruiz-Cárdenas JD, Gruet M. The 1-min sit-to-stand test induces a significant and reliable level of neuromuscular fatigability: insights from a mobile app analysis. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2024;124(11):3291-01. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05537-9.
  30. Amput P, Srithawong A, Konsanit S, Phrompao P, Wongphon S. Test–Retest Reliability and Minimal Detectable Change of the 6-Minute Step Test and 1-Minute Sit-to-Stand Test in Post-COVID-19 Patients. J Environ Sci Health B. 2026;61(2):53-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2026.2619314.